1. Upper Extremity Anatomy 💪
OT focuses heavily on upper extremity function!
Shoulder Complex
- Glenohumeral joint (ball and socket)
- Rotator cuff: SITS (Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, Subscapularis)
- Movements: Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation
Elbow & Forearm
- Hinge joint (flexion/extension)
- Pronation/Supination (forearm rotation)
- Biceps = Flexion + Supination
Wrist & Hand
- 8 carpal bones (Scaphoid most fractured)
- Intrinsic muscles: Within the hand
- Extrinsic muscles: Forearm, tendons cross wrist
Grip Types
- Power grip: Full hand (cylindrical, spherical)
- Precision grip: Fingertips (pincer, tripod)
- Hook grip: Fingers only (carrying bag)
2. Kinesiology Basics 🏃
Planes of Motion
- Sagittal: Divides left/right. Flexion/Extension.
- Frontal (Coronal): Divides front/back. Abduction/Adduction.
- Transverse: Divides top/bottom. Rotation.
Types of Muscle Contraction
- Concentric: Muscle shortens (lifting)
- Eccentric: Muscle lengthens under tension (lowering)
- Isometric: No length change (holding)
Manual Muscle Testing (MMT) Grades
- 0 = No contraction
- 1 = Trace (visible/palpable twitch)
- 2 = Poor (moves with gravity eliminated)
- 3 = Fair (moves against gravity)
- 4 = Good (moves against moderate resistance)
- 5 = Normal (moves against full resistance)
3. Sensory Systems 🖐️
Tactile (Touch)
Light touch, pressure, texture discrimination
Proprioception
Joint position sense, movement awareness
Vestibular
Balance, head position, movement in space
Visual
Important for motor planning and spatial awareness
💡 Board Exam Tips - Anatomy & Kinesiology
- ✓ Rotator Cuff = SITS (Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, Subscapularis)
- ✓ MMT Grade 3 = Fair = Against gravity only (no resistance)
- ✓ Scaphoid = Most commonly fractured carpal bone (fall on outstretched hand)