Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion or action.
The 3 Ps of Diabetes (Hyperglycemia)
- Polyuria: Frequent urination (osmotic diuresis).
- Polydipsia: Excessive thirst (dehydration).
- Polyphagia: Excessive hunger (cells are starving).
Hypoglycemia (Cold & Clammy)
BS < 70 mg/dL. Symptoms: Shakiness, sweating, confusion. Treat with 15g fast-acting carbs.
Hyperglycemia (Hot & Dry)
BS > 250 mg/dL. Symptoms: 3 Ps, blurred vision, fatigue. Treat with insulin and hydration.
Cardiac Care: Hypertension & Heart Failure
Hypertension (The Silent Killer)
Primary: Idiopathic (90-95% of cases).
Secondary: Due to other diseases (e.g., Renal failure).
Management: DASH Diet, regular exercise, smoking cessation.
Left-Sided vs Right-Sided Heart Failure
Symptoms: Dyspnea, crackles, cough, orthopnea.
Symptoms: JVD, dependent edema, ascites, hepatomegaly.
🩺 Beshy MS Tip!
Sa Board Exam, kapag may Chest Pain, unahin ang Oxygen! Isipin mo na ang heart muscle ay sumisigaw ng "Gusto ko ng hangin!". MONA is the acronym: Morphine, Oxygen, Nitroglycerin, Aspirin. Pero madalas Oxygen ang first action!
Beshy Tips
1. Diabetes Mellitus 🩸
Type 1 (IDDM)
Insulin Dependent. Beta cells destroyed. Juvenile onset. Prone to DKA.
Type 2 (NIDDM)
Insulin Resistance. Lifestyle related. Adult onset. Prone to HHS.
Common Symptoms (3 Ps):
- Polyuria: Excessive urination
- Polydipsia: Excessive thirst
- Polyphagia: Excessive hunger
2. Hypertension 💔
"The Silent Killer". BP consistently > 140/90.
Management (DASH Diet)
- Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
- Low Sodium, Low Fat
- High Fruits & Vegetables
- Regular Exercise
- Medications: Diuretics, Beta Blockers, ACE Inhibitors, Calcium Channel Blockers
3. Tuberculosis (TB) 🫁
Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Airborne transmission.
DOTS Treatment (RIPE)
- Rifampicin (Colors urine red/orange)
- Isoniazid (Peripheral neuropathy - give B6)
- Pyrazinamide (Hyperuricemia/Gout)
- Ethambutol (Optic neuritis - vision changes)
Beshy Tips
1. Diabetes Mellitus 🩸
Type 1 (IDDM)
Insulin Dependent. Beta cells destroyed. Juvenile onset. Prone to DKA.
Type 2 (NIDDM)
Insulin Resistance. Lifestyle related. Adult onset. Prone to HHS.
Common Symptoms (3 Ps):
- Polyuria: Excessive urination
- Polydipsia: Excessive thirst
- Polyphagia: Excessive hunger
2. Hypertension 💔
"The Silent Killer". BP consistently > 140/90.
Management (DASH Diet)
- Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
- Low Sodium, Low Fat
- High Fruits & Vegetables
- Regular Exercise
- Medications: Diuretics, Beta Blockers, ACE Inhibitors, Calcium Channel Blockers
3. Tuberculosis (TB) 🫁
Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Airborne transmission.
DOTS Treatment (RIPE)
- Rifampicin (Colors urine red/orange)
- Isoniazid (Peripheral neuropathy - give B6)
- Pyrazinamide (Hyperuricemia/Gout)
- Ethambutol (Optic neuritis - vision changes)
Beshy Tips
1. Diabetes Mellitus 🩸
Type 1 (IDDM)
Insulin Dependent. Beta cells destroyed. Juvenile onset. Prone to DKA.
Type 2 (NIDDM)
Insulin Resistance. Lifestyle related. Adult onset. Prone to HHS.
Common Symptoms (3 Ps):
- Polyuria: Excessive urination
- Polydipsia: Excessive thirst
- Polyphagia: Excessive hunger
2. Hypertension 💔
"The Silent Killer". BP consistently > 140/90.
Management (DASH Diet)
- Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
- Low Sodium, Low Fat
- High Fruits & Vegetables
- Regular Exercise
- Medications: Diuretics, Beta Blockers, ACE Inhibitors, Calcium Channel Blockers
3. Tuberculosis (TB) 🫁
Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Airborne transmission.
DOTS Treatment (RIPE)
- Rifampicin (Colors urine red/orange)
- Isoniazid (Peripheral neuropathy - give B6)
- Pyrazinamide (Hyperuricemia/Gout)
- Ethambutol (Optic neuritis - vision changes)